Now that we know what cumulative effects are, it’s to start diving into the literature on cumulative effects. The last time I truly reviewed that literature dates back to the beginning of my PhD in 2014. It’s been a while, so I figured that I should have an updated look at the current state of the literature. Before actually screening, choosing and reading articles, I decided to do some text mining to see what insights I could get from the article’s metadata.

This blog post thus details the literature search and the exploratory text mining results. For this, I am heavily relying on text mining in R using the tidytext package.

The literature search

Search engine and terms

I used the Web of Science database to perform my literature search. I searched for articles that contained any of the following terms in their title, abstract or keywords:

Search queries used to query the Web of Science database

"cumulative effect* assessment*"
"cumulative impact* assessment*"
"cumulative risk* assessment*"

I further constrained the search by excluding any article category that did not touch on environmental management or ecology in general.

Expand to see list of excluded Web of Science categories

Agricultural Economics Policy
Agronomy
Allergy
Andrology
Anthropology
Archaeology
Area Studies
Audiology Speech Language Pathology
Biochemical Research Methods
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Biotechnology Applied Microbiology
Cardiac Cardiovascular Systems
Chemistry Analytical
Chemistry Applied
Chemistry Medicinal
Chemistry Multidisciplinary
Chemistry Organic
Construction Building Technology
Development Studies
Developmental Biology
Economics
Energy Fuels
Engineering Chemical
Engineering Civil
Engineering Electrical Electronic
Engineering Mechanical
Engineering Petroleum
Entomology
Food Science Technology
Genetics Heredity
Geochemistry Geophysics
Geography Physical
Geosciences Multidisciplinary
Green Sustainable Science Technology
Health Care Sciences Services
History Philosophy Of Science
Humanities Multidisciplinary
Imaging Science Photographic Technology
Immunology
Infectious Diseases
International Relations
Materials Science Multidisciplinary
Mathematics Applied
Mathematics Interdisciplinary Application
Medicine Legal
Medicine Research Experimental
Metallurgy Metallurgical Engineering
Meteorology Atmospheric Sciences
Mineralogy
Mining Mineral Processing
Nuclear Science Technology
Nutrition Dietetics
Orthopedics
Pathology
Pediatrics
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Pharmacology Pharmacy
Physiology
Psychiatry
Psychology Multidisciplinary
Public Administration
Public Environmental Occupational Health
Radiology Nuclear Medicine Medical Imagin
Rehabilitation
Respiratory System
Social Issues
Social Sciences Mathematical Methods
Sociology
Soil Science
Spectroscopy
Sport Sciences
Statistics Probability
Telecommunications
Thermodynamics
Toxicology
Transportation
Transportation Science Technology
Urban Studies
Urology Nephrology
Virology

Some data cleaning

When I began looking at the extracted articles, I noticed keywords such as phthalates, children and urine. These definitely identified articles that made it through the filtering process used on Web of Science but that are not of interest for the context of this literature search. I therefore removed the articles that contained such keywords, either in the listed keywords or in their title or abstract, to further constrain the amount of literature to consider.

Code

# Get data
lit <- bib2df::bib2df("cea_search.bib", separate_names = TRUE, merge_lines = TRUE) |>
  dplyr::mutate(uid = dplyr::row_number())

# Terms identify articles to remove
rem <- c(
  "phthalates", "urine", "children", "phthalate", "daily intake",
  "public health", "dehp", "dietary exposure", "dietary risk assessment",
  "human biomonitoring", "pregnant women", "indoor air", "inhalation",
  "phthalate esters", "phthalate metabolites", "pregnancy", "\\{\\[\\}bmim\\]c1",
  "adhd", "alcohol-related harm", "alternative plasticizer",
  "alternative plasticizers", "birth", "birth cohort", "child",
  "child neurodevelopment", "chinese older adults", "chinese herbal medicines",
  "di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate", "endocrine disruptor chemicals",
  "face masks", "hplc-ms/ms"
)

# Bind titles, abstracts and keywords
txt <- lit |>
  dplyr::mutate(txt = glue::glue("{TITLE}; {ABSTRACT}; {KEYWORDS}")) |>
  dplyr::select(txt)

# Identify articles to remove
uid <- lapply(rem, function(x) {
  stringr::str_detect(txt$txt, x) |>
    which()
}) |>
  unlist() |>
  unique() |>
  sort(decreasing = TRUE)

# Update literature list
lit <- lit[-uid, ]
# bib2df::df2bib(lit, file = "cea_search_filtered.bib")

The results

Articles

The search and filtering process yielded a total of 334 peer-reviewed articles. I begin with a classic figure for a literature review, i.e. the number of articles through time. The first articles concerned with cumulative effects assessment date back to 1985. Since, we observe a steady increase in the number of articles published, although the last couple of years have seen a dip in the number of articles published concerned with cumulative effects.

Code

table(lit$YEAR) |>
  as.data.frame() |>
  echarts4r::e_charts(Var1) |>
  echarts4r::e_bar(Freq, name = "Articles") |>
  echarts4r::e_title("Number of articles per year")

Figure 1: Number of articles on cumulative effects assessment published each year.

Keywords

Now let’s have a look at the keywords identified by the authors. First and without surprise, we see that the search terms that were used for the query on Web of Science are frequently used as keywords. Still, keywords most often used generally refer to the process surrounding the assessment of cumulative effects and environmental management in general.

Code

# Extract keywords
key <- lit |>
  dplyr::select(uid, KEYWORDS, YEAR) |>
  dplyr::reframe(key = unlist(stringr::str_split(KEYWORDS, ";")), .by = c(YEAR, uid)) |>
  tidyr::drop_na() |>
  dplyr::mutate(key = tolower(stringr::str_trim(key, side = "both"))) |>
  dplyr::filter(key != "")

# Table of keywords
table(key$key) |>
  as.data.frame() |>
  dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(Freq)) |>
  knitr::kable(col.names = c("Keywords", "Frequency")) |>
  kableExtra::scroll_box(width = "55%", height = "500px")

Table 1: Frequency of keywords used literature search on cumulative effects assessment.

Keywords	Frequency
cumulative effects assessment	48
cumulative effects	37
cumulative impact assessment	33
environmental impact assessment	26
cumulative impacts	25
strategic environmental assessment	16
cumulative risk assessment	11
environmental assessment	11
impact assessment	11
marine spatial planning	11
multiple stressors	10
risk assessment	10
ecosystem-based management	9
indicators	9
cumulative effects assessment and management (ceam)	8
canada	7
cumulative risk	7
mining	7
climate change	6
cumulative effect assessment	6
conservation planning	5
cumulative effects assessment and management	5
maritime spatial planning	5
mitigation	5
reindeer herding	5
baltic sea	4
biodiversity	4
conservation	4
cumulative impact	4
governance	4
hydropower	4
marine	4
marine mammals	4
monitoring	4
social indicators	4
sustainability	4
valued components	4
vulnerability	4
water quality	4
adaptive management	3
anthropogenic pressures	3
athabasca river	3
caribou	3
coal mining	3
collaboration	3
connectivity	3
cumulative	3
cumulative effect	3
cumulative effects assessments	3
cumulative effects management	3
cumulative environmental change	3
decision support	3
ecosystem services	3
environmental impact assessment (eia)	3
environmental science	3
forestry	3
framework	3
geographic information system	3
geographic information systems	3
hydrology	3
integration	3
marine ecosystem services	3
marine protected areas	3
msp	3
population dynamics	3
protected areas	3
regional assessment	3
resilience	3
risk-based approach	3
sami	3
scoping	3
social impact assessment	3
social impacts	3
strategic environmental assessment (sea)	3
sustainable development	3
sweden	3
systematic review	3
thresholds	3
adriatic sea	2
anthropogenic threats	2
arctic	2
assessment	2
based management	2
biological diversity	2
cea	2
chemical mixture	2
conceptual model	2
contamination	2
cumulative effects analysis	2
cumulative effects assessment (cea)	2
cumulative impact analysis	2
cumulative impact assessments	2
cumulative social effects	2
decision making	2
decision support instruments	2
density dependence	2
development	2
disturbances	2
ecosystem approach	2
ecosystem\&\#8208	2
ecotoxicology	2
eia	2
endangered species	2
environmental management	2
environmental planning	2
environmental stressors	2
eutrophication	2
evaluation	2
fish	2
forest ecosystems	2
forest management	2
germany	2
global change	2
habitat connectivity	2
hazard index	2
human activities	2
human footprint	2
hypoxia	2
impacts	2
india	2
interactions	2
land use planning	2
machine learning	2
management	2
marine biodiversity	2
marine ecosystem	2
marine habitats	2
marine management	2
marine renewable energy	2
marine strategy framework directive	2
methods	2
mining policy	2
moose	2
multi-sector	2
multiple pressures	2
natural stressors	2
nepa	2
network analysis	2
new zealand	2
noise	2
ocean management	2
offshore oil and gas	2
planning	2
policy	2
population modeling	2
portugal	2
prioritization	2
procedural effectiveness	2
public health	2
recovery	2
remote sensing	2
renewable energy	2
resource governance	2
resource management	2
risk analysis	2
rivers	2
scale	2
science	2
science-policy interface	2
seabirds	2
significance	2
spatial analysis	2
spatial planning	2
stressors	2
systematic conservation planning	2
threshold	2
uk seabed	2
uncertainty	2
watershed	2
watershed management	2
wetlands	2
wind power	2
wolf	2
(lower) mekong river basin	1
{[}bmim]c1	1
</bold>	1
abrasion	1
acceptability	1
acceptable change	1
acetamiprid	1
action research	1
acute toxicity	1
adaptation and mitigation to climate change	1
adaptive cycle	1
adaptive ecology	1
additive effects	1
additive models	1
aegean sea	1
aerial photography	1
aggregate extraction	1
aggregate risk	1
aggregated impacts	1
agricultural parks	1
agriculture	1
air pollution	1
alberta	1
alces (r)	1
almendares river	1
alpine environment	1
analytical methods	1
antarctic treaty	1
antarctica	1
anthropocene baselines	1
anthropogenic	1
anthropogenic activities	1
anthropogenic impacts	1
anthropogenic stressors	1
aplm	1
aquaculture	1
aquaculture suitability analysis	1
aquatic ecosystem	1
aquatic ecosystems	1
aquatic life safety	1
arctic freshwaters	1
arctic national wildlife refuge	1
area of occupancy	1
areas beyond national jurisdiction (arnj)	1
artificial neural network	1
artisanal and small-scale gold mining (asgm)	1
assessment evidence	1
atmospheric science	1
attraction	1
autonomous platforms	1
avoidance	1
backpropagation algorithm	1
bangladesh	1
baseline	1
baselines	1
basin-wide	1
basque country	1
bayes nets	1
bayesian networks	1
bayesian numerical methods	1
bayesian statistics	1
benchmark conditions	1
benthic community	1
benthic habitats	1
benthic macroinvertebrates	1
best management practices (bmps)	1
best professional judgement	1
beyond compliance	1
bhutan	1
bio-physical indicators	1
biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (bbnj)	1
biodiversity loss	1
biomarkers	1
biophysical model	1
biota	1
bird collisions	1
bird migration	1
blue mussel	1
bonn challenge	1
boreal forest	1
bottom-up-top-down ecosystem approach	1
bowen basin	1
bowtie risk analysis	1
brazilian coast	1
british columbia	1
bruvs	1
bycatch	1
cache river	1
cadmium	1
canadian environmental assessment act	1
canis tupus	1
canonical discriminant analysis	1
capacity	1
capacity building	1
cardiovascular disease	1
caretta caretta	1
case studies	1
case study	1
case study analysis	1
case-by-case examination	1
causal criteria	1
causal digraphs	1
causal inference	1
causal loop diagrams (cld)	1
causal models	1
causality	1
causality analysis (ca)	1
cause-and-effect relationships	1
cea backsourcing	1
cell apoptosis	1
central valley	1
cetaceans	1
chemical mixtures	1
chemical safety assessment	1
chemical transport modeling	1
china	1
china and south korea	1
choice experiment	1
chronic toxicity	1
cia	1
civic engagement	1
cladocerans	1
climate	1
climatic threats	1
cluster analysis	1
coal seam gas	1
coastal and marine spatial planning	1
coastal fisheries	1
coastal management system	1
coastal zone	1
coexistence	1
collaborative governance	1
collective impacts	1
collective pressure	1
collective risk management	1
collision risk model	1
collision risk modelling	1
colorado pikeminnow	1
combined effects	1
combined stressors	1
community composition	1
community-based	1
comparative assessment	1
complaints	1
complementarity	1
complex inter-relations	1
complex systems	1
compliance monitoring	1
computer simulation model	1
conceptual challenges	1
conceptual framework	1
conceptual model development	1
confidence	1
conflicts	1
confounders	1
confounding	1
connectivity conservation	1
connector matrices	1
conservation prioritization	1
containers destruction	1
contaminants	1
contract for difference	1
coordination	1
copepods	1
coral populations	1
coral reefs	1
corporate community development	1
corporate development project	1
corporate social responsibility	1
correlation	1
coupled natural-human systems	1
critical habitat	1
critical thinking	1
cross-cultural knowledge	1
cross-scale policy mitigation methods	1
crown-of-thorns starfish	1
crustacean production	1
cuba	1
cultural effects	1
cumulative and cascading effects	1
cumulative assessment	1
cumulative effect assessments	1
cumulative effects assessment science	1
cumulative environmental effects	1
cumulative exposure	1
cumulative impact assessment (cia)	1
cumulative impact assessments (cia)	1
cumulative impact maps	1
cumulative impacts assessment	1
cumulative social impacts	1
cyclones	1
cytotoxicity	1
daily values	1
dam	1
dam cascades	1
daphnia magna	1
data	1
decision support analysis	1
decision support systems	1
decision support tool	1
decision support tools	1
decision trees	1
decision-making process	1
deep sea	1
deforestation	1
deliberative and inclusive process	1
demographic	1
density limits	1
desmethyl-acetamiprid	1
developing countries	1
direct top assay	1
directed acyclic graph	1
dispersal	1
disposal at sea	1
dissolved oxygen	1
disturbance	1
disturbance ecology	1
dolphin habitat	1
dongting lake	1
downscaling	1
dpsi model	1
dust	1
dyke opening	1
dynamic bayesian network modelling	1
eagle plain	1
earth system science	1
ecoengineering	1
ecological connectivity	1
ecological integrity	1
ecological modeling	1
ecological models	1
ecological niche models	1
ecological residence	1
ecological restoration	1
ecological risk assessment	1
ecological risk assessment for the effects of fishing	1
ecological sustainability	1
ecology	1
economic impacts	1
economic impacts of hydropower	1
economic modelling	1
ecosystem approach to fisheries	1
ecosystem based management	1
ecosystem based management and monitoring	1
ecosystem based management approach	1
ecosystem classification	1
ecosystem condition	1
ecosystem function	1
ecosystem health	1
ecosystem integrity	1
ecosystem restoration targets	1
ecosystem services (es)	1
ecosystem threats	1
ecosystem-base management	1
ecosystem-based approach	1
ecosystem-based fisheries management	1
ecotoxicological test	1
effectiveness	1
effects assessment	1
effects assessments	1
eflows	1
eia practice	1
employer occupational safety and health	1
endocrinology	1
energy	1
energy policy	1
environment	1
environment planning	1
environmental assessment (ea)	1
environmental effects monitoring	1
environmental exposure	1
environmental fate and transport	1
environmental footprint	1
environmental governance	1
environmental impact	1
environmental impact statement	1
environmental impact statement (eis)	1
environmental impacts	1
environmental justice	1
environmental law	1
environmental monitoring	1
environmental occurrence	1
environmental pollution	1
environmental response factors	1
environmental risk	1
environmental sociology	1
equality act 2010	1
estuary	1
ethology	1
europe\&apos	1
evidence-based medicine	1
ex-post facto social impact assessment	1
expert opinion	1
expert-driven process	1
exposure	1
exposure assessment	1
exposure routes	1
extinction	1
extraction	1
fear	1
feedbacks	1
fildes peninsula	1
first-fit decreasing algorithm	1
fish -habitat	1
fish migration	1
fish populations	1
fisheries	1
fishing	1
fishing impact	1
fishing intensity	1
fishing mortality	1
flight behaviour	1
floating gardens	1
floating modular island	1
flooding	1
floodplain food web	1
flow fluctuations	1
flow regulation	1
follow up	1
food	1
food web spatial-temporal model	1
forest	1
forest planning	1
forestry management	1
fragmentation thresholds	1
french polynesia	1
freshwater	1
freshwater threats	1
functional diversity	1
functional redundancy	1
future trajectories	1
futures studies	1
fuzzy cognitive mapping	1
gambusia puncticulata	1
gap analysis	1
gear efficiency	1
geobia	1
geochemistry	1
geographic information systems (gis)	1
geography	1
geology	1
geonode	1
geophysics	1
geoplatfonn	1
geospatial tools	1
german environmental specimen bank	1
gis	1
global environmental change	1
global processes	1
golf tourism development	1
gorgan	1
grassland(s)	1
grazing grounds	1
great barrier reef	1
greenhouse gas assessment	1
gross national happiness	1
guidance	1
guidelines	1
gulf of mexico	1
habitat	1
habitat directive	1
habitat evaluation procedure	1
habitat fragmentation	1
habitat loss	1
habitat modification	1
habitat restoration	1
habitat suitability	1
habitat suitability index	1
habitat suitability models	1
half-earth	1
harmonic analysis	1
hazardous chemical agents	1
hazardous ionic liquids	1
heat stress	1
hepg2	1
herder knowledge	1
hierarchy of spatial scales	1
historical remote sensing	1
historical time series	1
holistic	1
hong kong	1
hudson bay lowland	1
human dimensions	1
human health risk	1
human impacts	1
human rights impact assessment	1
human threats	1
human well-being	1
hydraulic fracturing	1
hydrocarbon	1
hydrodynamic conditions	1
hydroelectric dams	1
hydroelectric development	1
hydroelectricity	1
hydrogeologic classification	1
hydrogeomorphic classification	1
hydromorphological indicators	1
hydropower mitigation	1
hydropower planning	1
il	1
imidacloprid	1
immunomodulatory effects	1
impact	1
impact pathways	1
impact significance	1
impacts assessment	1
indicator kriging	1
indices	1
indigenous	1
indigenous knowledge	1
indigenous peoples	1
indigenous peoples' rights	1
indigenous rights	1
indirect effect	1
individual-based model	1
indo-pacific humpback dolphin	1
information management	1
infrastructural impacts	1
infrastructure development	1
injury	1
institutional arrangements	1
institutional context	1
institutional coordination	1
institutional requirements	1
institutions	1
integrated coastal management	1
integrated ecosystem assessment	1
integrated land management	1
integrated marine ecosystem service assessments	1
integrated resource management	1
integrated water resources management	1
interaction	1
interaction networks	1
interactive models	1
intermediate disturbance	1
intra-inter interactions	1
introduced species	1
invasive marine species	1
invasive species	1
ionic liquid	1
ionic liquids	1
irreplaceability	1
irrigation	1
isoprostanes	1
italy	1
iucn species	1
joint exposures	1
kenya	1
knowledge management	1
knowledge synthesis	1
kriging interpolation	1
lakes	1
land cover	1
land loss	1
land take	1
land use	1
land use and land cover	1
land use management	1
land use policy	1
land use regression	1
land-based pressures	1
land-use change	1
land-use framework	1
land-use planning	1
landbirds	1
landforms	1
lands for life	1
landsat	1
landscape assessment	1
landscape connectivity	1
landscape ecology	1
landscape fragmentation	1
landscape fragmentation threshold	1
landscape gradient	1
landscape indicators	1
landscape indices	1
landscape metrics	1
landscape modelling	1
landscape of fear	1
landscape simulation	1
large landscape conservation	1
large mammals	1
large-scale ecosystem restoration	1
latin america	1
law	1
legacy impacts	1
legal pluralism	1
legislative framework	1
legitimacy	1
lentification	1
liao river	1
life cycle assessment (lca)	1
life history	1
life-cycle	1
likelihood	1
limits of acceptable change	1
line-transect analysis	1
linear	1
linear development	1
lithuania	1
litigation	1
local development documents	1
local development framework	1
local impact	1
loggerhead	1
london protocol london convention	1
longitudinal study	1
low carbon power production	1
low energy availability	1
lower fraser river basin	1
mackenzie valley	1
malawi	1
management policy and practice	1
marine assessment	1
marine conservation	1
marine conservation areas	1
marine ecosystem service supply	1
marine ecosystems	1
marine functional zoning	1
marine invertebrates	1
marine protected area	1
marine renewable energies	1
marine spatial planning (msp)	1
marine strategic framework directive	1
marine turtles	1
maritime criminality	1
maritime industry	1
maritime spatial planning (msp)	1
maritime use conflict analysis	1
marxan	1
marxan with zones	1
meta-analysis	1
metal	1
method standardization	1
methodological challenges	1
methylparaben	1
microalgal communities	1
microphytobenthic communities	1
microphytobenthos	1
migration corridors	1
mining law	1
mitigation hierarchy	1
mitigation measures	1
mitigation strategies	1
mitigative measures	1
mitochondrial bioenergetics	1
mixture	1
mixture allocation factor	1
mixture assessment factor	1
mixture risks	1
model simulations	1
model uncertainty	1
modeling	1
models	1
monitoring indicators	1
monitoring strategies	1
monte carlo simulation	1
moose river basin	1
moose-wolf-caribou system	1
motorized route-user networks	1
mpas	1
multi parametric optimization of ecosystem	1
multi-media fugacity model	1
multi-project (eia)	1
multi-purpose	1
multi-risk	1
multi-scale modelling framework	1
multi-sectoral governance	1
multi-use	1
multiple-use landscape	1
multiroute exposure	1
multispecies modeling	1
multitrophic	1
mytilus edulis	1
narmada	1
national environmental policy act	1
national estuary program	1
national scale analysis	1
natura 2000	1
natural resource management	1
neogobius melanostomus	1
network governance	1
neural networks	1
nmpans	1
noise pollution	1
nomiracle	1
non-additive effects	1
non-chemical stressors	1
non-linear regression models	1
non-market valuation	1
nonchemical stressors	1
north yukon	1
northern canada	1
northern ontario	1
northwest territories	1
obstruction	1
ocean activities and uses	1
ocean observing systems	1
oceanography	1
odemm	1
offshore wind	1
offshore wind energy	1
offshore wind farm	1
offshore wind farms	1
oil and gas	1
oil sands	1
open data	1
open source	1
optimacy	1
organic certification	1
organochlorine pesticides	1
organophosphates and carbamates	1
oxidative stress	1
papua new guinea	1
paradigm shift	1
participatory mapping	1
participatory rural appraisal	1
particle tracking	1
pathogen	1
pbt assessment	1
perchlorates	1
performance	1
permafrost	1
persistence	1
personal exposure	1
pest	1
pesticide mixtures	1
pesticide residues in soil	1
petroleum and natural gas (png)	1
pfas	1
pfass	1
pfpas and pfpias	1
pine plantations	1
pinus radiata	1
pipeline	1
pipelines	1
place-based management	1
plastic pollution	1
policy ambiguity	1
policy plans and programs (ppps)	1
policy reform	1
policy-making	1
pollution	1
polynomial regression	1
population viability analysis	1
porcupine caribou	1
porcupine caribou herd	1
portovelo-zaruma, ecuador	1
post-conflict development	1
practice	1
practitioners	1
precautionary principle	1
precursors	1
predator	1
predator-prey interactions	1
predictive scenarios	1
preliminary eia	1
pressure magnitude	1
pressures	1
principal component analysis	1
probabilistic risk assessment	1
productivity-susceptibility analysis	1
project boundaries	1
project expansion	1
project regulatory review	1
project screening	1
projections	1
protected land	1
protocol	1
proton leak	1
pseudocalanus acuspes	1
psychosocial factors	1
public consultation	1
public interest	1
public participation	1
public sector equality duty	1
pulp mills	1
python	1
qualitative modeling	1
quality	1
quantifying the impact	1
rangifer tarandus caribou	1
reactive oxygen species (ros)	1
red list of ecosystems	1
red-s	1
reef fish	1
reference points	1
regional effects assessment	1
regional environmental assessment	1
regional environmental assessment (rea)	1
regional land-use planning	1
regional planning	1
regional prioritization	1
regional spatial strategies	1
regulatory design	1
regulatory limit	1
rehabilitation	1
relational scale	1
relative potency quotient	1
relative risk model	1
remnant vegetation	1
renca	1
reoxygenation	1
repeated measures analysis	1
representative areas	1
resilience pivots	1
resource capitals	1
resource communities	1
resource development	1
resource extraction	1
restoration	1
revegetation	1
review	1
rhithropanopeus harrisii	1
rights	1
ring of fire mining development	1
risk	1
risk criteria and management	1
risk identification	1
risk management	1
risk management process	1
risk-based	1
risk-based environmental assessment	1
risk-increasing behaviors	1
river degradation	1
river systems	1
road construction	1
road dust	1
rocky reefs	1
root-mean-square error	1
rotifers	1
run-of-river	1
s seas	1
safe operating space	1
safetea-lu	1
saint john river	1
salmon recovery	1
sami people	1
sampling and analytical challenges	1
san-francisco bay	1
satellite tracking	1
scaling	1
scenario	1
scenario analysis	1
scenario modeling	1
scenario models	1
scenarios	1
science-policy interface<bold>	1
scientific integrity	1
sdi	1
sea	1
sea analysis framework	1
sea turtle	1
seabed dredging	1
seagrass	1
seanergy	1
seascape connectivity	1
secondary data analysis	1
sediment	1
sediment erosion	1
seea-eea	1
seismic survey	1
semi-domesticated reindeer	1
sensitivity analysis	1
sensitivity maps	1
services production	1
severity	1
sewage epidemiology	1
sign directed graphs	1
silos	1
simulated annealing	1
skylark population dynamics	1
small modular nuclear reactor	1
small-scale fisheries	1
small-scale hydro	1
smothering	1
social -ecological systems	1
social development	1
social imaginary	1
social impact	1
social thresholds	1
social welfare	1
social-ecological resilience	1
social-ecological systems	1
socio-ecological system	1
socio-ecological systems	1
socio-ecological systems (sess)	1
socioeconomic factors	1
soil	1
soils	1
solar power	1
southern benguela	1
space@sea	1
spatial analyses	1
spatial conservation prioritization	1
spatial decision support systems	1
spatial decision support tools (dsts)	1
spatial decision-support tools	1
spatial distribution	1
spatial management	1
spatial simulations	1
spatial support framework	1
spatially explicit assessment	1
spatially explicit risk analysis	1
spatio-temporal models	1
species distribution model	1
species distribution modelling	1
st. lawrence	1
stakeholder involvement	1
stakeholder management	1
stakeholder relations	1
standardized framework	1
state environmental policy act	1
stella	1
stereo-bruvs	1
stochastic life cycle model	1
strategic assessment	1
strategic decision-making	1
strategic effects assessment	1
strategic management	1
streamflow	1
stress	1
stressor interactions	1
study area	1
stygofauna	1
supplementary planning guidance	1
suspended particulate matter	1
sustainability appraisal	1
sustainability assessment	1
sustainability assessment for fishing effects	1
sustainability science	1
sustainable agriculture	1
sustainable blue economy	1
sustainable development goals	1
sustainable development planning	1
sustainable forest management	1
sustainable local development	1
swat	1
switching state-space modeling	1
symphony-tool	1
synergism	1
system dynamics	1
systems thinking	1
temporal variation	1
terminology	1
terrestrial ecosystem	1
terrestrial species	1
the female athlete triad cumulative risk assessment	1
theory	1
thermokarst	1
thiamethoxam	1
threat mapping	1
threat maps	1
threatened species	1
threats	1
tidal wetlands	1
tiered approach	1
time-scale analysis	1
tipping points	1
tools	1
tools4msp software	1
towed bottom-fishing	1
toxic effect	1
toxicity	1
trade-offs	1
traditional chinese medicine	1
traditional food systems	1
traditional land use	1
trans-boundary water pollution	1
transboundary collaboration	1
transboundary conservation	1
transboundary cooperation	1
transboundary water management	1
transition theory	1
transnational governance	1
transnational policy learning	1
transparency	1
tree patches	1
triclosan	1
triggers	1
troglofauna	1
ulva spp. zostera marina	1
uncertainty analysis	1
unconventional shale gas development	1
underwater noise	1
unintentional mixtures	1
united kingdom	1
urban	1
urban hydrology	1
urban wetlands	1
use-use interaction	1
valued ecosystem component selection	1
valued ecosystem components	1
variability	1
vegetation	1
vessel monitoring system	1
vulnerability index	1
vulnerable life stage	1
vulnerable populations	1
vuntut gwitchin	1
water chemistry	1
water diversion	1
water environment	1
water footprint	1
water governance	1
water management	1
water quality index	1
water quality management	1
water quality monitoring	1
watershed cumulative effects assessment	1
watershed monitoring	1
watershed reporting	1
watersheds	1
webtools	1
welfare reform	1
western canada	1
white river	1
white sucker	1
wilderness	1
wildlife management	1
wildlife monitoring	1
wind turbines	1
worker	1
xiamen	1
yangtze river	1
yukon government	1

Titles and abstracts

Word frequency & co-occurrence

Keywords are not necessarily all-encompassing and 61 articles did not even identify any keywords. I therefore turned to text mining the titles and abstracts to glean a little more insights. First, let us tokenize the titles and abstract to get a general idea of the frequency of terms used. In order to find things that we do not already know, I removed the terms that were used in the query of the Web of Science database since they should logically be very frequent. The idea here is to visualize other terms that generally accompany those main terms. I also counted words only once per article to avoid aver-emphasizing words that could be used multiple times within a single abstract or title; this means that the frequencies presented below represent the number of manusript in which a word is used. Below, I present a table with the number of manuscripts in which each word is used (Table 2). I also present a wordcloud constrainted to words cited in at least 60 manuscripts (Figure 2).

Code

# Queried terms to remove
rem <- c(
  "environmental", "cumulative", "effects", "effect", "impacts",
  "impact", "risks", "risk", "assessments", "assessment", "na",
  "elsevier", "reserved"
)

# Frequency of words per year
words_year <- lit |>
  dplyr::mutate(txt = glue::glue("{TITLE}; {ABSTRACT}")) |>
  dplyr::select(uid, year = YEAR, txt) |>
  tidytext::unnest_tokens(word, txt) |>
  dplyr::anti_join(tidytext::stop_words, by = "word") |>
  dplyr::distinct() |>
  dplyr::group_by(word, year) |>
  dplyr::count(word) |>
  dplyr::ungroup() |>
  dplyr::filter(!word %in% rem)

# Word frequency regardless of year
words <- words_year |>
  dplyr::group_by(word) |>
  dplyr::summarize(n = sum(n)) |>
  dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(n))

# Table
words |>
  knitr::kable(col.names = c("Words", "Number of articles")) |>
  kableExtra::kable_paper() |>
  kableExtra::kable_styling(position = "center") |>
  kableExtra::scroll_box(width = "55%", height = "500px")

Table 2: Frequency of words used in the titles and abstracts of the literature search on cumulative effects assessment.

Words	Number of articles
based	134
management	133
development	112
approach	111
study	106
planning	102
multiple	99
analysis	95
results	94
human	93
framework	87
potential	87
approaches	83
spatial	82
data	81
future	79
activities	78
ecosystem	78
paper	74
marine	72
scale	70
current	68
ecological	68
key	67
regional	67
change	66
process	65
provide	65
rights	64
decision	63
policy	63
environment	62
project	62
assess	59
ecosystems	59
information	59
level	59
research	59
methods	58
sea	58
species	58
developed	57
canada	56
land	56
studies	56
support	56
understanding	55
specific	54
processes	53
identify	51
model	51
monitoring	51
time	51
knowledge	50
including	48
assessing	47
challenges	47
context	47
components	46
projects	46
stressors	46
identified	45
local	45
review	45
2	44
conservation	44
resource	44
applied	43
complex	43
population	43
1	42
address	42
habitat	42
include	42
natural	42
resources	42
water	42
existing	41
practice	41
pressures	41
issues	40
tool	40
region	39
strategic	39
anthropogenic	38
cea	38
climate	38
due	38
increasing	38
levels	38
proposed	37
significant	37
term	37
3	36
coastal	36
communities	36
considered	36
health	36
related	36
social	36
biodiversity	35
community	35
evaluation	35
integrated	35
lack	35
quality	35
regulatory	35
tools	35
effective	34
focus	34
implementation	34
national	34
set	34
system	34
systems	34
actions	33
developments	33
found	33
inform	33
interactions	33
limited	33
literature	33
river	33
combined	32
improve	32
indicators	32
factors	31
habitats	31
models	31
practices	31
relevant	31
required	31
requires	31
scenarios	31
science	31
article	30
assessed	30
comprehensive	30
decisions	30
efforts	30
global	30
individual	30
integration	30
method	30
outcomes	30
strategies	30
conditions	29
exposure	29
frameworks	29
major	29
policies	29
scientific	29
critical	28
mining	28
published	28
suggest	28
sustainable	28
temporal	28
4	27
e.g	27
importance	27
influence	27
north	27
opportunities	27
pressure	27
relative	27
single	27
capacity	26
evaluate	26
increase	26
low	26
populations	26
propose	26
recommendations	26
scales	26
threats	26
types	26
values	26
findings	25
landscape	25
northern	25
past	25
responses	25
application	24
chemical	24
conducted	24
developing	24
economic	24
eia	24
government	24
increasingly	24
manage	24
measures	24
quantitative	24
range	24
recent	24
response	24
strategy	24
stressor	24
attention	23
biological	23
canadian	23
common	23
governance	23
guidance	23
improved	23
plan	23
plans	23
result	23
understand	23
affected	22
australia	22
consequences	22
distribution	22
energy	22
increased	22
main	22
makers	22
mitigation	22
scenario	22
space	22
world	22
account	21
act	21
agencies	21
baseline	21
benefits	21
challenge	21
compared	21
conceptual	21
ensure	21
evaluating	21
highlight	21
i.e	21
industry	21
lead	21
principles	21
requirements	21
role	21
sites	21
action	20
addressing	20
applications	20
b.v	20
contribute	20
develop	20
european	20
evidence	20
examine	20
examines	20
examples	20
extent	20
integrating	20
managers	20
methodology	20
modeling	20
negative	20
public	20
sources	20
stakeholders	20
sustainability	20
affect	19
alternative	19
demonstrate	19
describe	19
estimated	19
gas	19
growing	19
identifying	19
illustrate	19
implications	19
index	19
indigenous	19
multi	19
nature	19
objectives	19
practical	19
programs	19
protection	19
relationships	19
selection	19
services	19
structure	19
thresholds	19
basin	18
concept	18
concern	18
defined	18
dynamics	18
explore	18
facilitate	18
fish	18
fisheries	18
international	18
managing	18
ocean	18
pathways	18
reduce	18
scope	18
source	18
step	18
terms	18
total	18
trends	18
valued	18
watershed	18
2013	17
activity	17
additional	17
basis	17
broad	17
building	17
consideration	17
criteria	17
driven	17
enable	17
expert	17
forest	17
gaps	17
growth	17
improving	17
interviews	17
lessons	17
lower	17
offshore	17
people	17
practitioners	17
quantify	17
regions	17
selected	17
shift	17
similar	17
status	17
suggests	17
systematic	17
apply	16
broader	16
cia	16
collaborative	16
combination	16
complexity	16
established	16
extraction	16
field	16
institutional	16
intensity	16
legal	16
life	16
linked	16
maritime	16
msp	16
objective	16
oil	16
pollution	16
protected	16
require	16
site	16
south	16
urban	16
watersheds	16
10	15
analyses	15
condition	15
consistent	15
countries	15
design	15
determine	15
direct	15
essential	15
evaluated	15
experience	15
explicit	15
federal	15
fishing	15
food	15
governments	15
included	15
incorporate	15
located	15
network	15
purpose	15
remains	15
revealed	15
sector	15
spatially	15
test	15
traditional	15
uncertainty	15
waters	15
wind	15
12	14
5	14
addition	14
applying	14
aquatic	14
component	14
concentrations	14
concepts	14
contribution	14
demonstrates	14
difficult	14
effectiveness	14
estimate	14
explores	14
focused	14
freshwater	14
goals	14
guide	14
implement	14
improvements	14
informed	14
infrastructure	14
law	14
magnitude	14
meaningful	14
methodological	14
perspective	14
predict	14
provided	14
rapid	14
resulting	14
reviews	14
sectors	14
sensitive	14
significantly	14
standard	14
supporting	14
synergistic	14
tested	14
united	14
western	14
20	13
access	13
adaptive	13
additive	13
adverse	13
agency	13
aggregate	13
aim	13
analytical	13
aspects	13
british	13
caused	13
columbia	13
comparison	13
conclude	13
construction	13
cross	13
disturbances	13
expected	13
exposed	13
exposures	13
guidelines	13
highly	13
ii	13
incorporated	13
leading	13
legislation	13
limitations	13
loss	13
means	13
mitigate	13
observed	13
patterns	13
potentially	13
predictions	13
providing	13
regulation	13
reports	13
scores	13
size	13
variables	13
wide	13
widely	13
2015	12
addressed	12
alternatives	12
argue	12
boundaries	12
challenging	12
chemicals	12
collaboration	12
conducting	12
considerable	12
cultural	12
decline	12
definitions	12
directive	12
discuss	12
discussed	12
disturbance	12
diverse	12
drivers	12
emerged	12
engagement	12
finally	12
geographic	12
increases	12
industrial	12
interact	12
issue	12
km	12
lands	12
landscapes	12
legislative	12
modelling	12
offer	12
perspectives	12
power	12
priorities	12
production	12
program	12
regulators	12
relation	12
sensitivity	12
shared	12
socio	12
studied	12
synthesis	12
threatened	12
wildlife	12
2016	11
2020	11
7	11
analyzed	11
availability	11
built	11
ceas	11
concludes	11
connectivity	11
control	11
cover	11
definition	11
density	11
detailed	11
differences	11
discussion	11
distinct	11
diversity	11
elements	11
emerging	11
empirical	11
eu	11
exist	11
expansion	11
focusing	11
functional	11
geospatial	11
humans	11
implementing	11
indicator	11
insights	11
investigated	11
involved	11
jurisdictions	11
lacking	11
limits	11
linkages	11
mapping	11
mechanisms	11
occurring	11
options	11
organizations	11
participation	11
physical	11
platform	11
poor	11
predicted	11
progress	11
protect	11
rapidly	11
rarely	11
recognized	11
resulted	11
reviewed	11
semi	11
setting	11
structures	11
targets	11
uncertainties	11
unique	11
variability	11
vulnerability	11
11	10
2011	10
6	10
adequate	10
alberta	10
baltic	10
benefit	10
characterized	10
collective	10
commonly	10
considerations	10
contributions	10
decades	10
define	10
degradation	10
dependent	10
ecology	10
effort	10
europe	10
examined	10
extensive	10
farms	10
function	10
identifies	10
incorporating	10
initiatives	10
innovative	10
integrate	10
interaction	10
larger	10
leadership	10
linear	10
measure	10
meet	10
nations	10
networks	10
numerous	10
ontario	10
opportunity	10
outputs	10
period	10
periods	10
political	10
priority	10
proponents	10
recently	10
reference	10
renewable	10
researchers	10
rivers	10
scoping	10
seas	10
significance	10
simulation	10
solutions	10
special	10
steps	10
stress	10
strong	10
subject	10
survey	10
transparent	10
type	10
uk	10
ultimately	10
vulnerable	10
worldwide	10
15	9
2012	9
2018	9
absence	9
accounting	9
accuracy	9
advance	9
affecting	9
aims	9
analyze	9
analyzing	9
assumptions	9
authorities	9
benthic	9
build	9
categories	9
changing	9
coast	9
combinations	9
concerns	9
constraints	9
coordination	9
crown	9
designed	9
dimensions	9
distributions	9
drawing	9
effectively	9
establishing	9
expressed	9
facing	9
forests	9
foundation	9
gap	9
half	9
historical	9
identification	9
inadequate	9
individuals	9
industries	9
involving	9
learning	9
led	9
light	9
majority	9
methodologies	9
metrics	9
modified	9
occur	9
ongoing	9
organisms	9
outcome	9
performance	9
presence	9
prioritization	9
products	9
promote	9
qualitative	9
realistic	9
recognition	9
regulations	9
remain	9
remote	9
reporting	9
represent	9
represents	9
respect	9
restoration	9
scientists	9
sharing	9
shipping	9
short	9
shortcomings	9
simulations	9
simultaneously	9
southern	9
specifically	9
stage	9
standards	9
substances	9
supports	9
surrounding	9
technical	9
theory	9
top	9
toxicity	9
2010	8
2014	8
2017	8
2021	8
50	8
ability	8
abundance	8
accumulation	8
achieve	8
actual	8
advances	8
advancing	8
aid	8
biophysical	8
broadly	8
canada's	8
ceam	8
central	8
china	8
coal	8
collected	8
collection	8
combine	8
compare	8
composition	8
concentration	8
decrease	8
demand	8
depending	8
describing	8
detected	8
determining	8
directly	8
ea	8
endpoints	8
enhance	8
ensuring	8
entire	8
environments	8
estimates	8
evaluations	8
examination	8
expanding	8
experts	8
explicitly	8
exploring	8
facilities	8
flow	8
follow	8
footprint	8
forward	8
generate	8
generation	8
gis	8
goal	8
history	8
iii	8
impacted	8
indices	8
indirect	8
individually	8
input	8
limit	8
linking	8
location	8
maintaining	8
mammals	8
map	8
mine	8
minor	8
mixtures	8
nutrient	8
paradigm	8
participants	8
participatory	8
pollutants	8
primary	8
procedures	8
protecting	8
quantified	8
reduction	8
regard	8
relationship	8
reveal	8
road	8
robust	8
serve	8
severe	8
stakeholder	8
structured	8
successful	8
suite	8
supply	8
supported	8
sustain	8
testing	8
theoretical	8
threat	8
tourism	8
trade	8
trajectories	8
transparency	8
underlying	8
upstream	8
utility	8
zones	8
13	7
19	7
2019	7
academic	7
accounted	7
adequately	7
administrative	7
adopted	7
adopting	7
adriatic	7
advancements	7
aimed	7
allocation	7
analysed	7
appraisal	7
arctic	7
average	7
baselines	7
bay	7
bodies	7
calculated	7
capture	7
causal	7
century	7
characteristics	7
characterization	7
choice	7
clarify	7
collectively	7
combines	7
combining	7
companies	7
comparative	7
conduct	7
conflict	7
considers	7
contexts	7
continue	7
cra	7
create	7
crucial	7
cycle	7
datasets	7
degree	7
desirable	7
determined	7
document	7
driver	7
ecologically	7
efficient	7
emissions	7
emphasis	7
enhanced	7
explain	7
factor	7
finding	7
fine	7
frequently	7
functioning	7
generated	7
globally	7
ground	7
highlights	7
holistic	7
hydropower	7
implemented	7
improvement	7
includes	7
inclusion	7
incorporates	7
indicating	7
induced	7
institutions	7
link	7
links	7
livelihoods	7
makes	7
mechanism	7
mines	7
mixture	7
monitor	7
mountain	7
noise	7
obtained	7
operating	7
operations	7
oriented	7
pesticides	7
petroleum	7
planned	7
pose	7
prediction	7
productivity	7
professional	7
promoting	7
proportion	7
proposals	7
quantifying	7
rate	7
real	7
receptors	7
reflect	7
regimes	7
requisites	7
responsibility	7
seabed	7
security	7
series	7
shape	7
socioeconomic	7
soil	7
sound	7
spatio	7
sufficient	7
surface	7
terrestrial	7
themes	7
threshold	7
typically	7
u.s	7
undertaken	7
valuable	7
versus	7
wetland	7
wetlands	7
world's	7
2000	6
2005	6
2006	6
2007	6
21	6
8	6
9	6
accurate	6
accurately	6
achievement	6
actors	6
advanced	6
adversely	6
age	6
aggregated	6
agricultural	6
air	6
alces	6
allowed	6
america	6
antagonistic	6
applicable	6
approval	6
arrangements	6
assumed	6
body	6
calls	6
city	6
closely	6
completed	6
concluded	6
conclusions	6
conflicts	6
connected	6
contaminants	6
contaminated	6
contributed	6
copyright	6
core	6
cost	6
critically	6
dam	6
decreased	6
demands	6
derive	6
derived	6
describes	6
designing	6
distance	6
documented	6
documents	6
downstream	6
driving	6
economy	6
eias	6
environmentally	6
establishment	6
estimating	6
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ia	4
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0.1	3
1.7	3
1000	3
14	3
18	3
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1996	3
1997	3
2002	3
2030	3
24	3
34	3
45	3
52	3
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0	2
0.02	2
0.8	2
1.1	2
124	2
144	2
148	2
1969	2
1986	2
1987	2
2001	2
2100	2
27	2
28	2
3.7	2
31	2
37	2
4.0	2
4.6	2
41	2
43	2
5.1	2
5.5	2
57	2
59	2
70	2
75	2
77	2
8.7	2
90	2
909,000	2
92	2
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toxicodynamics	1
toxicokinetics	1
toxins	1
tracers	1
track	1
tracked	1
tracking	1
tracks	1
tracts	1
tradeoffs	1
tradition	1
traditions	1
trails	1
trained	1
transactional	1
transect	1
transfer	1
transferability	1
transferable	1
transform	1
transformational	1
transformative	1
transforming	1
transgressing	1
transitional	1
transitory	1
translate	1
translation	1
transmission	1
transparencia	1
transparente	1
transparentes	1
transparents	1
transversal	1
trauma	1
traveled	1
travers	1
trawls	1
treated	1
treatments	1
treats	1
treaty	1
triad	1
triage	1
tributaries	1
triclosan	1
trifling	1
triggering	1
triggers	1
trite	1
trivial	1
trogen	1
trop	1
trough	1
truth	1
truthed	1
tuktoyaktuk	1
tundra	1
tunisian	1
turbid	1
turbidity	1
turkey	1
twentieth	1
twin	1
twofold	1
typify	1
typology	1
u.s.epa	1
u2	1
ubiquitously	1
ud	1
uk's	1
ultraviolet	1
umbrella	1
una	1
unavailability	1
unavailable	1
unbiased	1
unblocking	1
uncommon	1
uncontrolled	1
und	1
underestimate	1
undergo	1
undergoing	1
undergone	1
underground	1
underlie	1
underline	1
underlines	1
underlining	1
undermine	1
underperforming	1
underpin	1
undertook	1
undescribed	1
undeveloped	1
undocumented	1
une	1
unexpected	1
unexplored	1
unfold	1
unified	1
unintentional	1
unions	1
uniquely	1
univariate	1
universal	1
universally	1
universities	1
unmodified	1
unnecessary	1
unpredictable	1
unprotected	1
unraveled	1
unravelled	1
unrecognized	1
unrelated	1
unrivalled	1
unsubstantiated	1
unsustainable	1
untapped	1
update	1
updated	1
updating	1
upgraded	1
upholding	1
upscaling	1
uptake	1
urbanizing	1
urge	1
urinary	1
usability	1
usefully	1
userfriendly	1
uso	1
utah	1
utilisations	1
utilisee	1
utilisees	1
utilizada	1
utilizados	1
utilizing	1
utm	1
uvb	1
v2	1
valid	1
valleys	1
valuation	1
vascular	1
vastly	1
veces	1
vegetables	1
vegetated	1
velopments	1
venue	1
verified	1
verify	1
versatile	1
vertebrates	1
vessels	1
viana	1
vibrio	1
vic	1
victims	1
victoria	1
victories	1
victorious	1
vida	1
viewpoint	1
vis	1
visits	1
visualisation	1
visualization	1
visualizations	1
visualize	1
visually	1
vitally	1
vitro	1
voc	1
vocs	1
volatile	1
volume	1
voluntary	1
warmer	1
warmest	1
wastes	1
wastewaters	1
waterbodies	1
waterbody	1
watercourse	1
waterway	1
waterways	1
waterworks	1
waxers	1
weakly	1
wear	1
weather	1
webs	1
websites	1
webtool	1
webtools	1
wedge	1
weed	1
weeds	1
weekly	1
weighted	1
weighting	1
westmoberly	1
wetting	1
wfs	1
whales	1
whatsoever	1
white	1
whitecourt	1
widens	1
width	1
wild	1
wilderness	1
wildfire	1
wiley	1
wilip	1
win	1
windows	1
winners	1
winning	1
winter	1
wishful	1
witnessed	1
woe	1
woodlands	1
woodstock	1
workers	1
workforce	1
workforces	1
workplace	1
workplaces	1
worlds	1
write	1
wrongly	1
wuikinuxv	1
wwf	1
wyoming	1
xai'xais	1
yahey	1
yang	1
yangtze	1
yaqui	1
yarra	1
yeast	1
yielded	1
yielding	1
yields	1
ying	1
yr	1
yslme	1
zaruma	1
zebrafish	1
zinc	1
zodiac	1
zooplankton	1
zoos	1
zrebar	1
α	1
β	1

Code

words |>
  dplyr::filter(n > 60) |>
  echarts4r::e_color_range(n, color, colors = viridis::viridis(100)) |>
  echarts4r::e_charts() |>
  echarts4r::e_cloud(word, n, color, shape = "circle", sizeRange = c(15, 38))

Figure 2: Wordcloud of terms most often used in titles and abstracts of manuscripts on cumulative effects assessments. Note that the following terms were the most frequent, but that it is a by-product of the search queries performed on the Web of Science database: “environmental”, “cumulative”, “effect(s)”, “impact(s)”, “risk(s)”, “assessment(s)”.

Now, the literature on cumulative effects assessment has evolved through time and different fields have taken an interest in the topic as the years progressed. For instance, a lot of interest was given to cumulative effects assessment as part of the environmental impact assessment process from 1985 onward, yet cumulative effects have become a point of emphasis in marine ecosystem in the context of marine spatial planning. Let us explore this by plotting the frequency of the most important words in the literature through time.

Code

word_time <- tidyr::expand_grid(word = unique(words_year$word), year = min(words_year$year):max(words_year$year)) |>
  dplyr::left_join(words_year, by = c("word", "year")) |>
  dplyr::mutate(n = dplyr::case_when(is.na(n) ~ 0, .default = n)) |>
  dplyr::group_by(word) |>
  dplyr::arrange(word, year) |>
  dplyr::mutate(
    cumcount = cumsum(n),
    word = stringr::str_to_sentence(word)
  ) |>
  dplyr::filter(any(cumcount > 70))


# Chart
word_time |>
  echarts4r::e_charts(year) |>
  echarts4r::e_line(
    cumcount,
    smooth = TRUE,
    symbol = "none",
    endLabel = list(show = TRUE, formatter = "{a}"),
    labelLayout = list(x = "92%", moveOverlap = "shiftY"),
    emphasis = list(focus = "series"),
  ) |>
  echarts4r::e_x_axis(min = 1985, max = 2024, formatter = echarts4r::e_axis_formatter(digits = 0)) |>
  echarts4r::e_tooltip(trigger = "axis", order = "valueDesc") |>
  echarts4r::e_animation(duration = 10000)

Figure 3: Number of articles using specific words through time.

Finally, some words may co-occur more frequently within a single text without being directly adjacent. Let us explore which words are most often found together within the same document.

Code

words <- lit |>
  dplyr::mutate(txt = glue::glue("{TITLE}; {ABSTRACT}")) |>
  dplyr::select(uid, txt) |>
  tidytext::unnest_tokens(word, txt) |>
  dplyr::anti_join(tidytext::stop_words, by = "word") |>
  dplyr::distinct() |>
  dplyr::group_by(uid, word) |>
  dplyr::count(word, sort = TRUE) |>
  dplyr::ungroup() |>
  dplyr::group_by(word) |>
  dplyr::mutate(count = sum(n)) |>
  dplyr::ungroup() |>
  dplyr::filter(!word %in% c("na", "elsevier", "reserved")) |>
  dplyr::filter(count > 50) |>
  dplyr::mutate(word = stringr::str_to_sentence(word))


# Pairwise count
pair_count <- widyr::pairwise_count(words, word, uid, sort = TRUE)

# Pairwise correlation
pair_cor <- widyr::pairwise_cor(words, word, uid, sort = TRUE, upper = FALSE) |>
  dplyr::filter(abs(correlation) > .15)

# Layout
lay <- pair_cor |>
  dplyr::select(from = item1, to = item2, correlation) |>
  tidygraph::as_tbl_graph(directed = FALSE) |>
  ggraph::create_layout(layout = "centrality", centrality = tidygraph::centrality_degree()) |>
  dplyr::select(name, x, y)

# Nodes
nodes <- words |>
  dplyr::select(name = word, value = count) |>
  dplyr::distinct() |>
  dplyr::mutate(
    size = value / 5
  ) |>
  dplyr::left_join(lay, by = "name")

# Edges
edges <- pair_cor |>
  dplyr::select(source = item1, target = item2, value = correlation) |>
  dplyr::mutate(size = value * 10)

# Graph
echarts4r::e_charts() |>
  echarts4r::e_graph(
    layout = "none",
    label = list(show = TRUE, position = "right"),
    lineStyle = list(curveness = 0.3, color = "source"),
    labelLayout = list(hideOverlap = TRUE)
  ) |>
  echarts4r::e_graph_nodes(nodes, name, value, size, xpos = x, ypos = y) |>
  echarts4r::e_graph_edges(edges, source, target, value, size) |>
  echarts4r::e_tooltip()

Figure 4: Graph of the relationships between the most frequent words in the title and abstracts of articles focused on cumulative effects assessment.

Bigrams

So far, each word has been considered as a single unit yet words are rarely used in isolation. Let us examine which words tend to follow others by tokenizing by pairs of words rather than single words, i.e. bigrams. We can do this for any nnumber of words by tokenizing in n-grams, but here I focus on pairs only. This was decided after I explored trigrams and found insights to be limited. For the sake of continuity, I recreate the same table and figures from the previous section, although the code I used is different and more generalizable.

Code

# Function to generate n-gram tokenization
ngram <- function(txt, n) {
  rem <- c(
    tidytext::stop_words$word, "na", "environmental", "cumulative",
    "effects", "effect", "impacts", "impact", "elsevier",
    "risks", "risk", "assessments", "assessment", "reserved"
  )
  txt |>
    tidytext::unnest_tokens(word, text, token = "ngrams", n = n) |>
    tidyr::separate(word, glue::glue("word{1:n}"), sep = " ") |>
    dplyr::filter(!dplyr::if_any(dplyr::starts_with("word"), ~ . %in% rem)) |>
    tidyr::unite(word, dplyr::starts_with("word"), sep = " ") |>
    dplyr::distinct() |>
    dplyr::group_by(word, year) |>
    dplyr::count(word) |>
    dplyr::ungroup()
}

# Abstracts
abstracts <- lit |>
  dplyr::mutate(text = tolower(glue::glue("{TITLE}; {ABSTRACT}"))) |>
  dplyr::select(uid, year = YEAR, text)

# Bigram
bigram <- ngram(abstracts, 2)

# Word frequency regardless of year
words <- bigram |>
  dplyr::group_by(word) |>
  dplyr::summarize(n = sum(n)) |>
  dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(n))

# Table
words |>
  knitr::kable(col.names = c("Words", "Number of articles")) |>
  kableExtra::kable_paper() |>
  kableExtra::kable_styling(position = "center") |>
  kableExtra::scroll_box(width = "55%", height = "500px")

Table 3: Frequency of pairs of words used in the titles and abstracts of the literature search on cumulative effects assessment.

Words	Number of articles
human activities	34
spatial planning	31
climate change	27
ecosystem based	24
marine ecosystems	24
multiple stressors	23
marine spatial	22
based management	20
decision makers	17
ecosystem components	14
planning msp	14
marine environment	13
project level	13
british columbia	12
ecosystem services	12
human pressures	12
based approach	11
decision support	11
maritime spatial	11
water quality	11
conservation planning	10
literature review	10
marine ecosystem	10
north sea	10
wind farms	10
adaptive management	9
based approaches	9
human health	9
km 2	9
management strategies	9
marine strategy	9
paper examines	9
paper explores	9
population dynamics	9
project specific	9
regional planning	9
resource management	9
spatially explicit	9
strategy framework	9
sustainable development	9
anthropogenic pressures	8
baltic sea	8
framework directive	8
geographic information	8
knowledge gaps	8
management actions	8
offshore wind	8
planning process	8
regional scale	8
renewable energy	8
results suggest	8
social ecological	8
anthropogenic stressors	7
ecological components	7
future actions	7
human activity	7
management decisions	7
monitoring programs	7
ontario canada	7
policy act	7
population level	7
project based	7
resource development	7
socio economic	7
anthropogenic activities	6
conceptual framework	6
crown copyright	6
government agencies	6
information system	6
management practices	6
management process	6
monitoring data	6
north america	6
paper concludes	6
policy makers	6
protection agency	6
river basin	6
river watershed	6
semi structured	6
spatial distribution	6
spatial scales	6
spatio temporal	6
valued ecosystem	6
adriatic sea	5
alces alces	5
aquatic ecosystems	5
article examines	5
based marine	5
coastal ecosystems	5
collaborative governance	5
community based	5
conservation efforts	5
data collection	5
development projects	5
ecological system	5
ecologically meaningful	5
ecosystem condition	5
ecosystem health	5
eia process	5
foreseeable future	5
future scenarios	5
gas development	5
human development	5
indigenous rights	5
land based	5
local scale	5
management ceam	5
management plan	5
management tools	5
marine protected	5
meta analysis	5
mitigation measures	5
multiple human	5
multiple stressor	5
natural gas	5
natural resources	5
nonchemical stressors	5
population size	5
real world	5
remote sensing	5
results demonstrate	5
scenario based	5
science based	5
seabed habitats	5
spatial extent	5
special issue	5
strategic level	5
structured interviews	5
support tools	5
trade offs	5
underwater noise	5
wind energy	5
wind power	5
aggregate exposure	4
alberta canada	4
based activities	4
cea methods	4
chemical stressors	4
columbia canada	4
comparative analysis	4
complex interactions	4
data management	4
development scenarios	4
ecological indicators	4
ecosystem component	4
ecosystem service	4
forest management	4
future research	4
future studies	4
greenhouse gas	4
guiding principles	4
indigenous communities	4
inform management	4
information systems	4
land cover	4
land management	4
lessons learned	4
life cycle	4
major challenge	4
management approach	4
management framework	4
management issues	4
management measures	4
management planning	4
management processes	4
marine biodiversity	4
marine conservation	4
marine mammals	4
marine resources	4
marine species	4
monitoring program	4
moose alces	4
msp processes	4
multi stakeholder	4
multiple activities	4
multiple projects	4
multiple threats	4
northern adriatic	4
northern ontario	4
paper reviews	4
paper seeks	4
paradigm shift	4
peer reviewed	4
planning approach	4
practical examples	4
project scale	4
public participation	4
rangifer tarandus	4
reindeer herding	4
relevant human	4
resource extraction	4
resource managers	4
river systems	4
river water	4
scenario analysis	4
site specific	4
social dimensions	4
spatial data	4
spatial scale	4
stressor based	4
stressor interactions	4
study demonstrates	4
study region	4
support maritime	4
sustainable management	4
systematic conservation	4
systematic literature	4
systematic review	4
valued components	4
water resources	4
western canada	4
wind farm	4
2013 published	3
2016 published	3
activities occurring	3
advancing watershed	3
adverse outcome	3
aggregate extraction	3
analysis suggests	3
antagonistic interactions	3
article reviews	3
based analysis	3
based cea	3
based decision	3
based framework	3
based msp	3
baseline data	3
baseline information	3
basin australia	3
biodiversity conservation	3
broad scale	3
canis lupus	3
capacity building	3
caribou population	3
caribou rangifer	3
causal pathways	3
cea framework	3
cea process	3
change analysis	3
change land	3
chemical mixtures	3
climate warming	3
coastal habitats	3
collaborative approach	3
columbia bc	3
community engagement	3
community structure	3
complex models	3
components vcs	3
concentration addition	3
conceptual model	3
conservation priorities	3
conservation strategies	3
coral reef	3
current challenges	3
current cia	3
current practice	3
current practices	3
current status	3
current study	3
daphnia magna	3
data availability	3
data gaps	3
development activities	3
development plan	3
directly affected	3
driven approaches	3
ecological processes	3
ecological systems	3
economic development	3
economic growth	3
ecosystem functioning	3
effective management	3
effective regional	3
empirical data	3
energy development	3
energy sources	3
environmentally sustainable	3
evaluation processes	3
evidence based	3
existing data	3
expert based	3
expert judgement	3
expert knowledge	3
exposure data	3
federal level	3
fine scale	3
fire region	3
fish communities	3
fishing pressure	3
food security	3
forest ecosystems	3
forest harvesting	3
future conditions	3
future development	3
future developments	3
future human	3
future trajectories	3
geospatial tools	3
governance structures	3
governmental organizations	3
grand river	3
habitat quality	3
habitat suitability	3
habitat types	3
hydropower dams	3
increasing pressure	3
indigenous peoples	3
individual development	3
individual project	3
industrial development	3
inform decision	3
informant interviews	3
institutional arrangements	3
key informant	3
key themes	3
land managers	3
landscape scale	3
legal challenges	3
level rise	3
life history	3
local governments	3
local human	3
local scales	3
management alternatives	3
management approaches	3
management efforts	3
management plans	3
marine environments	3
marine litter	3
marine management	3
marine realm	3
mining companies	3
mining development	3
mining industry	3
mining projects	3
mitigation strategies	3
modeling framework	3
modelling approach	3
modelling framework	3
moving forward	3
msp oriented	3
multiple anthropogenic	3
multiple chemical	3
multiple chemicals	3
multiple ecosystem	3
multiple indicators	3
multiple pressures	3
natural resource	3
natural systems	3
numerical methods	3
ocean planning	3
offshore windfarms	3
oil sands	3
outcome pathway	3
paper describes	3
past decade	3
planning framework	3
planning processes	3
policy implications	3
population growth	3
potential benefits	3
potential future	3
practical approach	3
precise predictions	3
project development	3
quantitative approach	3
queensland australia	3
rapidly growing	3
regional land	3
regional level	3
regional scales	3
regulatory framework	3
regulatory frameworks	3
research gaps	3
resource developments	3
resource industries	3
response relationships	3
results provide	3
results reveal	3
sami reindeer	3
science policy	3
scientific information	3
sea approaches	3
sea level	3
sea practice	3
sea space	3
short term	3
significant time	3
single stressor	3
single stressors	3
socio ecological	3
source software	3
south wales	3
spatial distributions	3
spatial plans	3
specific eias	3
stakeholder engagement	3
study aims	3
successful implementation	3
surface water	3
system gis	3
systematic approach	3
temporal analysis	3
temporal scales	3
term sustainability	3
threatened species	3
trans boundary	3
urban centers	3
vary widely	3
water monitoring	3
watershed based	3
watershed canada	3
watershed ceam	3
watershed scale	3
wide range	3
0.5 revealed	2
1 butyl	2
1 ww	2
2 data	2
2021 published	2
3 7	2
3 data	2
3 methylimidazolium	2
4 decision	2
909,000 ha	2
academic literature	2
access article	2
act nepa	2
action research	2
action's incremental	2
actions 2	2
activities undertaken	2
ad hoc	2
additive interactions	2
adverse health	2
adverse outcomes	2
adversely affect	2
adversely affected	2
advocate improvements	2
aegean sea	2
aesthetic values	2
affect species	2
agency epa	2
agriculture land	2
air pollution	2
air quality	2
alces online	2
alternative development	2
alternative pathways	2
alternative scenarios	2
analysis method	2
analytical approaches	2
analytical framework	2
analytical methods	2
analytical platform	2
animal populations	2
anthropogenic actions	2
anthropogenic threats	2
aop frameworks	2
approaches e.g	2
approval process	2
aquatic ecosystem	2
aquatic life	2
aquatic species	2
arctic landscapes	2
article concludes	2
article reports	2
article undertakes	2
assess potential	2
assessed based	2
athabasca river	2
atlantic ocean	2
attention devoted	2
authors published	2
average habitat	2
barrier reef	2
based indicators	2
based methods	2
based monitoring	2
based planning	2
based regulation	2
based statistical	2
basin level	2
benthic community	2
benthic fishing	2
benthic macroinvertebrate	2
biodiversity losses	2
biodiversity strategy	2
biological diversity	2
biological organization	2
blue economy	2
boreal forest	2
bowen basin	2
british columbia's	2
broad sense	2
broader regional	2
build trust	2
butyl 3	2
canada's oceans	2
canadian context	2
canadian ea	2
canadian federal	2
canadian water	2
caribou populations	2
causal inference	2
cea approach	2
cea based	2
cea practice	2
cea science	2
cea strategic	2
cea understanding	2
ceam framework	2
ceam requires	2
challenges exist	2
challenges facing	2
challenges include	2
challenges remain	2
challenging due	2
challenging task	2
cia analyses	2
cia investigations	2
cia model	2
cia policy	2
cia requirements	2
civic engagement	2
closely aligned	2
closely linked	2
coal mining	2
coal seam	2
coastal communities	2
coastal development	2
coastal waters	2
coastal zone	2
commercial fishing	2
common practice	2
community composition	2
competing land	2
complex issue	2
complex processes	2
component vec	2
components including	2
comprehensive understanding	2
conceptual frameworks	2
conceptual models	2
concurrent stressors	2
conducting cea	2
conflict muc	2
conservation actions	2
conservation decision	2
conservation goals	2
conservation priority	2
conservation sites	2
conservation targets	2
construction phase	2
contaminated food	2
contaminated sites	2
contributing factors	2
conventional approaches	2
coral reefs	2
core requisites	2
creativecommons.org licenses	2
critical level	2
critical review	2
cross sectoral	2
cultural values	2
current approach	2
current approaches	2
current capacity	2
current conservation	2
current ecological	2
da foz	2
dam development	2
data analysis	2
data collected	2
data driven	2
data integration	2
data limited	2
data poor	2
decision tree	2
decreasing trends	2
defined framework	2
detailed analysis	2
detection frequencies	2
developed based	2
developing conservation	2
development decisions	2
development increases	2
development infrastructure	2
development mining	2
development pressures	2
development scenario	2
development shipping	2
directive msfd	2
distinct periods	2
distribution model	2
document analysis	2
document review	2
dose response	2
dynamic modelling	2
dynamics models	2
e.g habitat	2
e.g water	2
ea practice	2
easily modified	2
ecological condition	2
ecological connectivity	2
ecological endpoints	2
ecological importance	2
ecological information	2
ecological interactions	2
ecological resilience	2
ecological responses	2
ecological restoration	2
ecological theory	2
ecological trajectories	2
economic factors	2
ecosystem levels	2
ecosystem productivity	2
ecosystem restoration	2
ecosystems marine	2
effective approach	2
effective conservation	2
effective decisions	2
effective msp	2
effectively assess	2
eia legislation	2
eia processes	2
eia reports	2
elevated levels	2
emission sources	2
empirical evidence	2
energy developments	2
energy generation	2
energy sector	2
entire north	2
environment interactions	2
environmentally friendly	2
european directive	2
european union	2
european waters	2
evaluate current	2
evaluated collectively	2
evaluating indicators	2
evaluation approaches	2
examination survey	2
examples highlight	2
existing approaches	2
existing literature	2
existing management	2
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xiamen china	2
0 9	1
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0.1 km	1
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0.5 10.6	1
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1.7 3.7	1
1.7 90th	1
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1.75 km	1
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10 5	1
10 6	1
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10.6 mu	1
100 scientists	1
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1002 lands	1
105 721	1
105.0597 deg	1
108,378 km	1
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111 jurisdictions	1
118 million	1
12 addressing	1
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124 2019	1
124 ng	1
13 anthropogenic	1
13 government	1
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133 148	1
134 400	1
14 receiving	1
1400 installed	1
143 threatened	1
148 peer	1
149 equality	1
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15 change	1
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15 restoration	1
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15 yr	1
150 studies	1
153 mg	1
16 oligochaetous	1
16 regional	1
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161 marine	1
165 km	1
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17 beta	1
17 perfluoroalkylated	1
17 pfass	1
17 species	1
171 342	1
176 finless	1
18 species	1
18 ti	1
184 induced	1
189 pg	1
19 20	1
19 barrages	1
19 depending	1
19 hard	1
19 organophosphates	1
1949 2020	1
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1960s giss	1
1973 2000	1
1978 regulations	1
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1986 1998	1
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1990 94	1
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1991 2020	1
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1996 2019	1
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1999 2000u.s	1
1999 2050	1
2 0.02	1
2 0.1	1
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2,300 km	1
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2012 2025	1
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2015 canada's	1
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2016 2020	1
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2018 96.1	1
2018 herring	1
2019 91.6	1
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21 semi	1
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214 watersheds	1
216 water	1
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218,000 caribou	1
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22 criteria	1
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22 ti	1
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255 ind	1
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27 cc	1
27 landbird	1
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28 key	1
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282 mu	1
29 interviews	1
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3.5 km	1
30 key	1
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32 threats	1
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332 ng	1
34 60	1
34 watersheds	1
342 684	1
348,000 km	1
35 meetings	1
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4.37 ng	1
4.6 mgc	1
4.6 mu	1
40 capacity	1
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4000 past	1
43 eec	1
43 ti	1
45 60db	1
45 obligate	1
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51.3 332	1
52 ls	1
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55 ha	1
56 4	1
56 mining	1
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57 ti	1
58 ti	1
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6 2	1
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60 ec	1
6000 gold	1
605 catchments	1
622 contiguous	1
65 ind	1
654,311km 2	1
68.4 compared	1
69.1169 deg	1
69.6 mu	1
7 14	1
7 activity	1
7 content	1
7 decline	1
7 developing	1
7 hydropsychidae	1
7 recommendations	1
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71 75db	1
721 ng	1
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768 upstream	1
77 2014	1
77 zooplankton	1
8 133	1
8 21	1
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8.7 282	1
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81 species	1
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9 hyalellidae	1
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91.6 ng	1
92 43	1
96.1 ng	1
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variable response	1
variables e.g	1
varied actors	1
varied definition	1
varied ecological	1
varied greatly	1
varied taxonomically	1
varies greatly	1
varying health	1
varying human	1
varying space	1
varying spatially	1
varying suitability	1
varying tolerance	1
vascular plants	1
vast agricultural	1
vast majority	1
vast potential	1
vc conditions	1
vc identifying	1
vcs appeared	1
vcs clarifies	1
vcs potentially	1
vec selection	1
veces se	1
vecs conceptually	1
vecs impacted	1
vegetated filter	1
vegetation classification	1
vegetation community	1
vegetation depending	1
vegetation information	1
vegetation patterns	1
vegetation productivity	1
vegetation remnants	1
vegetation science	1
vegetation types	1
versatile chemical	1
versus health	1
versus hydropower	1
versus multiple	1
versus optimizing	1
versus regional	1
vessel monitoring	1
vessel traffic	1
viability 6	1
viability analysis	1
viable populations	1
vibrio fischeri	1
victoria island	1
vida silvestre	1
visits participatory	1
visual censuses	1
visual representation	1
visualization tool	1
visualizations numerical	1
visually oriented	1
vital aspect	1
vital requirement	1
vitro indicating	1
voc dataset	1
voc exposures	1
vocs percentile	1
vol 189	1
vol 37	1
volatile organic	1
volume stays	1
voluntary actions	1
voluntary corporate	1
voluntary measures	1
vulnerabilities additionally	1
vulnerability based	1
vulnerability indexes	1
vulnerability quantified	1
vulnerability weights	1
vulnerable birds	1
vulnerable communities	1
vulnerable ecosystem	1
vulnerable ecosystems	1
vulnerable populations	1
wales australia	1
wales coal	1
wales marine	1
wales nsw	1
wales seabed	1
warmer future	1
warmest decade	1
warming occurring	1
warrant attention	1
warrant elevated	1
waste disposal	1
wastewater handling	1
wastewater management	1
wastewater practices	1
wastewater treatment	1
wastewaters generated	1
water act	1
water australia	1
water chemistry	1
water consumption	1
water contamination	1
water deterioration	1
water discharge	1
water engineering	1
water environment	1
water footprints	1
water holding	1
water human	1
water impoundment	1
water infrastructure	1
water ingestion	1
water initiative	1
water insecurity	1
water intakes	1
water level	1
water management	1
water materials	1
water methods	1
water ph	1
water planning	1
water protection	1
water ranged	1
water reform	1
water reforms	1
water residence	1
water resource	1
water sector	1
water segments	1
water services	1
water similar	1
water sphere	1
water stakeholders	1
water strategy	1
water systems	1
water volume	1
waterbody hydromorphological	1
waterbody level	1
watercourse crossings	1
waters 1996	1
waters 2006	1
waters benthic	1
waters ideally	1
waters including	1
waters requires	1
waters uncertainties	1
watershed agencies	1
watershed alberta	1
watershed alteration	1
watershed analysis	1
watershed approach	1
watershed change	1
watershed complementary	1
watershed context	1
watershed covers	1
watershed efforts	1
watershed governance	1
watershed grw	1
watershed include	1
watershed monitoring	1
watershed plans	1
watershed processes	1
watershed report	1
watershed reporting	1
watershed requires	1
watershed science	1
watershed stability	1
watershed watersheds	1
watersheds biodiversity	1
watersheds direct	1
watersheds ecoregions	1
watersheds interact	1
watersheds involves	1
watersheds lessons	1
watersheds mining	1
watersheds represent	1
watersheds urbanization	1
waterway partnership	1
waxers hazard	1
weak information	1
weak interpretations	1
weak level	1
weak linkages	1
weak recognition	1
weak status	1
weakly assessed	1
wealth collide	1
web based	1
web dynamics	1
web functions	1
web platform	1
webtool providing	1
webtools include	1
wedge polygon	1
wedge polygons	1
weed control	1
weight dw	1
weight ww	1
weighted multiple	1
weighting normalized	1
welfare reform	1
welfare reforms	1
welfare scholarship	1
wellbeing connected	1
west moberly	1
west pacific	1
western forest	1
western indian	1
western iran	1
western mediterranean	1
western perspectives	1
western purview	1
western science	1
western settler	1
western trained	1
western united	1
western wyoming	1
wet period	1
wet season	1
wet weight	1
wetland change	1
wetland definitions	1
wetland development	1
wetland diversity	1
wetland ecosystems	1
wetland environments	1
wetland functions	1
wetland habitats	1
wetland landscape	1
wetland landscapes	1
wetland park	1
wetland restoration	1
wetland sustainability	1
wetland templates	1
wetland type	1
wetland types	1
wetlands lost	1
wetlands mangroves	1
wetlands research	1
wetlands streams	1
wetlands structure	1
wetlands studies	1
wetlands subtle	1
wetlands wetland	1
wetting agents	1
whilst promoting	1
whilst securing	1
white sucker	1
whitecourt forest	1
wide annual	1
wide detailed	1
wide fund	1
wide health	1
wide human	1
wide marine	1
wide master	1
wide odemm	1
wide scale	1
wide set	1
wide transportation	1
widely assumed	1
widely criticized	1
widely distributed	1
widely disturbed	1
widely documented	1
widely extended	1
widely occurring	1
wider social	1
wider view	1
widespread renewable	1
width current	1
wild reindeer	1
wildfire leave	1
wildlife activity	1
wildlife corridors	1
wildlife frontiers	1
wildlife fund	1
wildlife models	1
wildlife monitoring	1
wildlife population	1
wildlife refuge	1
wildlife society	1
wiley sons	1
wilip gin	1
wind developments	1
wind nutrient	1
wind solar	1
wind versus	1
windfarms owfs	1
windfarms projects	1
winning species	1
winter spring	1
wise approach	1
wise cea	1
wise decisions	1
wishful thinking	1
woe methodology	1
wolf canis	1
wolf caribou	1
wolf control	1
wolf populations	1
woodland cover	1
woodlands revealed	1
workforces limit	1
workplace multiple	1
workshop organizers	1
workshop resulted	1
workshops field	1
workshops separate	1
world applications	1
world approach	1
world bank	1
world challenges	1
world context	1
world defining	1
world exposure	1
world management	1
world opportunities	1
world pressures	1
world rely	1
world wide	1
world wildlife	1
world's ecosystems	1
world's largest	1
world's oceans	1
worldwide anthropogenic	1
worldwide concern	1
worldwide expansion	1
worldwide fisheries	1
worldwide outbreak	1
worldwide seeking	1
write search	1
written materials	1
written submissions	1
wrong answer	1
ww elevated	1
wwf deutsche	1
wyoming adopting	1
wyoming northeastern	1
xai'xais nuxalk	1
yangtze river	1
yarra river	1
yarra strategic	1
yeast based	1
yellow river	1
yellow sea	1
yield improved	1
yield moderate	1
yield results	1
yielded objective	1
ying yang	1
youth centre	1
youth centres	1
youth programs	1
yslme 2	1
yslme aiming	1
yukon canada	1
yukon planning	1
yukon regional	1
yukon territory	1
zaruma ecuador	1
zinc mine	1
zodiac traffic	1
zone eez	1
zones 2	1
zones e.g	1
zones occur	1
zoning building	1
zoning system	1
zooplankton abundance	1
zooplankton biomass	1
zooplankton communities	1
zooplankton composition	1
zooplankton species	1
zrebar lake	1
β consumers	1

Code

words |>
  dplyr::filter(n > 7) |>
  echarts4r::e_color_range(n, color, colors = viridis::viridis(100)) |>
  echarts4r::e_charts() |>
  echarts4r::e_cloud(word, n, color, shape = "circle", sizeRange = c(12, 30))

Figure 5: Wordcloud of pairs of words most often used in titles and abstracts of manuscripts on cumulative effects assessments. Note that the following terms were the most frequent, but that it is a by-product of the search queries performed on the Web of Science database: “environmental”, “cumulative”, “effect(s)”, “impact(s)”, “risk(s)”, “assessment(s)”.

Code

word_time <- tidyr::expand_grid(word = unique(bigram$word), year = min(bigram$year):max(bigram$year)) |>
  dplyr::left_join(bigram, by = c("word", "year")) |>
  dplyr::mutate(n = dplyr::case_when(is.na(n) ~ 0, .default = n)) |>
  dplyr::group_by(word) |>
  dplyr::arrange(word, year) |>
  dplyr::mutate(
    cumcount = cumsum(n),
    word = stringr::str_to_sentence(word)
  ) |>
  dplyr::filter(any(cumcount > 10))


# Chart
word_time |>
  echarts4r::e_charts(year) |>
  echarts4r::e_line(
    cumcount,
    smooth = TRUE,
    symbol = "none",
    endLabel = list(show = TRUE, formatter = "{a}"),
    labelLayout = list(x = "92%", moveOverlap = "shiftY"),
    emphasis = list(focus = "series"),
  ) |>
  echarts4r::e_x_axis(min = 1985, max = 2024, formatter = echarts4r::e_axis_formatter(digits = 0)) |>
  echarts4r::e_tooltip(trigger = "axis", order = "valueDesc") |>
  echarts4r::e_animation(duration = 10000)

Figure 6: Number of articles using specific pairs of words through time.

Code

rem <- c(
  tidytext::stop_words$word, "na", "environmental", "cumulative",
  "effects", "effect", "impacts", "impact", "elsevier",
  "risks", "risk", "assessments", "assessment", "reserved"
)
words <- lit |>
  dplyr::mutate(txt = glue::glue("{TITLE}; {ABSTRACT}")) |>
  dplyr::select(uid, txt) |>
  tidytext::unnest_tokens(word, txt, token = "ngrams", n = 2) |>
  tidyr::separate(word, glue::glue("word{1:2}"), sep = " ") |>
  dplyr::filter(!dplyr::if_any(dplyr::starts_with("word"), ~ . %in% rem)) |>
  tidyr::unite(word, dplyr::starts_with("word"), sep = " ") |>
  dplyr::distinct() |>
  dplyr::group_by(uid, word) |>
  dplyr::count(word, sort = TRUE) |>
  dplyr::ungroup() |>
  dplyr::group_by(word) |>
  dplyr::mutate(count = sum(n)) |>
  dplyr::ungroup() |>
  dplyr::filter(!word %in% c("rights reserved")) |>
  dplyr::filter(count > 10) |>
  dplyr::mutate(word = stringr::str_to_sentence(word))

# Pairwise count
pair_count <- widyr::pairwise_count(words, word, uid, sort = TRUE)

# Pairwise correlation
pair_cor <- widyr::pairwise_cor(words, word, uid, sort = TRUE, upper = FALSE)

# Layout
lay <- pair_cor |>
  dplyr::select(from = item1, to = item2, correlation) |>
  tidygraph::as_tbl_graph(directed = FALSE) |>
  # ggraph::create_layout(layout = "pmds", pivots = 5) |>
  ggraph::create_layout(layout = "kk") |>
  dplyr::select(name, x, y)

# Nodes
nodes <- words |>
  dplyr::select(name = word, value = count) |>
  dplyr::distinct() |>
  dplyr::mutate(
    size = value
  ) |>
  dplyr::left_join(lay, by = "name")

# Edges
edges <- pair_cor |>
  dplyr::select(source = item1, target = item2, value = correlation) |>
  dplyr::mutate(size = value * 10)

# Graph
echarts4r::e_charts() |>
  echarts4r::e_graph(
    layout = "none",
    label = list(show = TRUE, position = "right"),
    lineStyle = list(curveness = 0.3, color = "source"),
    labelLayout = list(hideOverlap = TRUE)
  ) |>
  echarts4r::e_graph_nodes(nodes, name, value, size, xpos = x, ypos = y) |>
  echarts4r::e_graph_edges(edges, source, target, value, size) |>
  echarts4r::e_tooltip()

Figure 7: Graph of the relationships between the most frequent pairs of words in the title and abstracts of articles focused on cumulative effects assessment.

Expressions

Finally, let’s go beyond unigrams and bigrams and try to work up a collection of relevant expressions arising from the corpus of recurring expressions in the cumulative effects asssessment literature. After a little exploration, I realized that there are some trigrams such as ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning. These are obviously not captured in the unigrams and bigrams, on top of influencing the results of those analyses. To address this, I decided to redo the analysis by evaluating trigrams, bigrams and unigrams while sequentially removing the most prevalent expressions from the abstracts. The results, while still imperfect, are more representative of the literature.

Code

ngram <- function(txt, n) {
  rem <- c(
    tidytext::stop_words$word,
    "na", "reserved", "elsevier" # ,
    # "environmental", "cumulative",
    # "effects", "effect", "impacts", "impact",
    # "risks", "risk", "assessments", "assessment"
  )
  txt |>
    tidytext::unnest_tokens(word, text, token = "ngrams", n = n) |>
    tidyr::separate(word, glue::glue("word{1:n}"), sep = " ") |>
    dplyr::filter(!dplyr::if_any(dplyr::starts_with("word"), ~ . %in% rem)) |>
    tidyr::unite(word, dplyr::starts_with("word"), sep = " ") |>
    dplyr::distinct() |>
    dplyr::group_by(word) |>
    dplyr::mutate(count = dplyr::n()) |>
    dplyr::ungroup()
}

update_abstracts <- function(abstracts, rem) {
  rem <- tolower(rem)
  for (i in seq_len(length(rem))) {
    abstracts <- abstracts |>
      dplyr::mutate(text = stringr::str_replace_all(text, rem[i], " "))
  }
  abstracts
}

abstracts <- lit |>
  dplyr::mutate(
    text = glue::glue("{TITLE}; {ABSTRACT}"),
    text = tolower(text),
    text = stringr::str_replace_all(text, "-", " "),
    text = stringr::str_replace_all(text, "maritime", "marine")
  ) |>
  dplyr::select(uid, text)

# Trigrams
trigram <- ngram(abstracts, 3)
rem <- trigram |>
  dplyr::select(-uid) |>
  dplyr::distinct() |>
  dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(count)) |>
  dplyr::filter(count > 3)
trigram <- dplyr::filter(trigram, word %in% rem$word) |>
  dplyr::mutate(count = count / max(count))
abstracts <- update_abstracts(abstracts, rem$word)

# Bigrams
bigram <- ngram(abstracts, 2)
rem <- bigram |>
  dplyr::select(-uid) |>
  dplyr::distinct() |>
  dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(count)) |>
  dplyr::filter(count > 6)
bigram <- dplyr::filter(bigram, word %in% rem$word) |>
  dplyr::mutate(count = count / max(count))
abstracts <- update_abstracts(abstracts, rem$word)

# Unigrams
unigram <- ngram(abstracts, 1)
rem <- unigram |>
  dplyr::select(-uid) |>
  dplyr::distinct() |>
  dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(count)) |>
  dplyr::filter(count > 70)
unigram <- dplyr::filter(unigram, word %in% rem$word) |>
  dplyr::mutate(count = count / max(count))


# Correlations
words <- dplyr::bind_rows(trigram, bigram, unigram) |>
  dplyr::filter(!word %in% c("results suggest", "resource management", "results", "study")) |> # Manual changes
  dplyr::group_by(uid, word) |>
  dplyr::summarize(count = sum(count)) |>
  dplyr::ungroup()
pair_cor <- widyr::pairwise_cor(words, word, uid, sort = TRUE, upper = FALSE) |>
  dplyr::filter(abs(correlation) > .2)

# Layout
lay <- pair_cor |>
  dplyr::select(from = item1, to = item2, correlation) |>
  tidygraph::as_tbl_graph(directed = FALSE) |>
  ggraph::create_layout(layout = "centrality", centrality = tidygraph::centrality_degree()) |>
  dplyr::select(name, x, y)

# Nodes
nodes <- words |>
  dplyr::select(name = word, value = count) |>
  dplyr::distinct() |>
  dplyr::mutate(
    size = value * 40
  ) |>
  dplyr::left_join(lay, by = "name") |>
  tidyr::drop_na()

# Edges
edges <- pair_cor |>
  dplyr::select(source = item1, target = item2, value = correlation) |>
  dplyr::mutate(size = value * 5)

# Graph
echarts4r::e_charts() |>
  echarts4r::e_graph(
    layout = "none",
    label = list(show = TRUE, position = "right"),
    lineStyle = list(curveness = 0.3, color = "source"),
    labelLayout = list(hideOverlap = TRUE)
  ) |>
  echarts4r::e_graph_nodes(nodes, name, value, size, xpos = x, ypos = y) |>
  echarts4r::e_graph_edges(edges, source, target, value, size) |>
  echarts4r::e_tooltip()

Figure 8: Graph of the relationships between the most frequent expressions words in the title and abstracts of articles focused on cumulative effects assessment

Authors

Now let us do the same with authors to identify who are the most prolific authors in the field and who is collaborating in the field.

Code

authors <- dplyr::bind_rows(lit$AUTHOR, .id = "uid") |>
  dplyr::select(uid, first_name, last_name) |>
  na.omit() |>
  dplyr::mutate(
    first_name = stringr::str_sub(stringr::word(first_name, 1), 1, 1),
    name = glue::glue("{last_name} {first_name}.")
  ) |>
  dplyr::select(uid, name) |>
  dplyr::group_by(name) |>
  dplyr::mutate(count = dplyr::n()) |>
  dplyr::ungroup()


authors |>
  dplyr::count(name) |>
  dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(n)) |>
  knitr::kable(col.names = c("Authors", "Frequency")) |>
  kableExtra::kable_paper() |>
  kableExtra::kable_styling(position = "center") |>
  kableExtra::scroll_box(width = "55%", height = "500px")

Table 4: Number of articles for each author.

Authors	Frequency
Noble B.	19
Depellegrin D.	9
Mazaris A.	8
Menegon S.	8
Coll M.	6
Gunn J.	6
Katsanevakis S.	6
Arnold L.	5
Barbanti A.	5
Duinker P.	5
Farella G.	5
Halpern B.	5
Hanna K.	5
Jones A.	5
Patrick R.	5
Stelzenmueller V.	5
Almpanidou V.	4
Andersen J.	4
Courtenay S.	4
Gissi E.	4
Hansen H.	4
Li Y.	4
Moore J.	4
Moran C.	4
Munkittrick K.	4
Murray C.	4
Sanchez L.	4
Sarretta A.	4
Antwi E.	3
Atkinson S.	3
Boakye-Danquah J.	3
Bonnevie I.	3
COCKLIN C.	3
Canter L.	3
Claudet J.	3
Cormier R.	3
Dabros A.	3
Franks D.	3
Gergel S.	3
Giakoumi S.	3
Gillanders B.	3
Greig L.	3
Hammar L.	3
Hodgson E.	3
Hume D.	3
Jones F.	3
Jongbloed R.	3
Judd A.	3
Larsen R.	3
Manea E.	3
Ojaveer H.	3
Olagunju A.	3
Owusu-Banahene W.	3
PARKER S.	3
Palsson J.	3
Parkins J.	3
Piet G.	3
Rice G.	3
Rilov G.	3
Schroder L.	3
Shannon L.	3
Steenbeek J.	3
Tamis J.	3
Teuschler L.	3
Venier C.	3
Westwood A.	3
Albano P.	2
Alves F.	2
Antoniuk T.	2
Arkema K.	2
Bergstrom L.	2
Bernard A.	2
Bevilacqua S.	2
Brereton D.	2
Broderick M.	2
Carlson M.	2
Carneiro G.	2
Chen C.	2
Chilima J.	2
Clark D.	2
Clarke C.	2
Conolly R.	2
Crona J.	2
Culp J.	2
Curry R.	2
Declerck M.	2
Degraer S.	2
Doelle M.	2
Dotson G.	2
Dubé M.	2
Durning B.	2
Eddy I.	2
Elliott M.	2
Essington T.	2
Everingham J.	2
Fadini A.	2
Faulkner R.	2
Fernandes M.	2
Ferreira A.	2
Fetissov M.	2
Foden J.	2
Fraschetti S.	2
Germond B.	2
Ghezzo M.	2
Gladstone-Gallagher R.	2
Grech A.	2
Guerry A.	2
Gusatu L.	2
HAY J.	2
Habib H.	2
Hegmann G.	2
Hewitt J.	2
Hines D.	2
Ho E.	2
Innes J.	2
Jaeger J.	2
Jarabek A.	2
Jarre A.	2
Kavadas S.	2
Kirkfeldt T.	2
Korpinen S.	2
Kotta J.	2
Krogman N.	2
Lima A.	2
Loiseau C.	2
Lonsdale J.	2
Loureiro S.	2
Mackelworth P.	2
Magris R.	2
Mahon C.	2
Maina I.	2
Markantonatou V.	2
Martin L.	2
Martone R.	2
Mattsson M.	2
McCold L.	2
Merchant N.	2
Micheli F.	2
Mitchell R.	2
Muir B.	2
Nelson R.	2
Nikolakis W.	2
Paige K.	2
Pascual M.	2
Pennino M.	2
Perini L.	2
Petza D.	2
Posthuma L.	2
Power M.	2
Pressey R.	2
Raitio K.	2
Rehhausen A.	2
Rehren J.	2
Reker J.	2
Rempel R.	2
Rogers S.	2
Ruckelshaus M.	2
Rumes B.	2
Russell J.	2
Saunders S.	2
Scott B.	2
Shackelford N.	2
Shipin O.	2
Sinclair A.	2
Sinclair S.	2
Smith J.	2
Soares A.	2
Sonter L.	2
Stelzenmuller V.	2
Stockbridge J.	2
Strimbu B.	2
Sutherland G.	2
Trant A.	2
Trifonova N.	2
Vassilopoulou V.	2
Vaughan D.	2
Waterhouse F.	2
Westbrook C.	2
Wik-Karlsson J.	2
Winder R.	2
Wright J.	2
Wrona F.	2
Wyatt K.	2
Yates K.	2
Zhang Y.	2
de Vries P.	2
von Thenen M.	2
(Apronti) P.	1
AUBREY D.	1
Abbruzzese B.	1
Abolina E.	1
Acosta A.	1
Adams M.	1
Adarnkiewicz G.	1
Addicott E.	1
Adler S.	1
Agius S.	1
Aguilar-Apodaca M.	1
Ahlquist D.	1
Aigars J.	1
Alessi D.	1
Allard C.	1
Allen D.	1
Almroth-Rosell E.	1
Alonso D.	1
Alqarni A.	1
Alyami B.	1
Amorim M.	1
Anceno A.	1
Anderson L.	1
Andersone I.	1
Aonghusa C.	1
Aps R.	1
Archambault P.	1
Armoskaite A.	1
Arroyo G.	1
Arula T.	1
Ashmore P.	1
Astles K.	1
Atlin C.	1
Avery-Gomm S.	1
Backhaus T.	1
Bacon C.	1
Bailey J.	1
Bailly D.	1
Baird M.	1
Baldwin M.	1
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Vissault S.	1
Vistnes I.	1
Vitule J.	1
Volwater J.	1
WARREN B.	1
WHITE C.	1
WILLIAMSON S.	1
Waggitt J.	1
Wahlstrom I.	1
Walker D.	1
Walker H.	1
Walker R.	1
Walters C.	1
Wan Y.	1
Wang B.	1
Wang J.	1
Wang Y.	1
Wang Z.	1
Ward J.	1
Ward T.	1
Wassenaar P.	1
Watson R.	1
Watson-Cook E.	1
Webb J.	1
Weber M.	1
Webster K.	1
Weclaw P.	1
Weiss M.	1
Weitkamp L.	1
Weitz J.	1
Wells-Moultrie S.	1
Welsch A.	1
Wende W.	1
West G.	1
Westhead M.	1
White R.	1
Whited D.	1
Whitehead A.	1
Wiafe O.	1
Wiebe P.	1
Wielga M.	1
Wihsgott J.	1
Wilcox K.	1
Williams C.	1
Williams P.	1
Williamson B.	1
Willsteed E.	1
Wiltshire K.	1
Wintle B.	1
Wirtz K.	1
Wojcik D.	1
Wong I.	1
Wong J.	1
Wong S.	1
Woodley C.	1
Wright A.	1
Xia W.	1
Xie L.	1
Xin M.	1
Xu L.	1
Xu N.	1
Xu S.	1
Xue X.	1
Yamasaki S.	1
Yamu C.	1
Yan B.	1
Yang G.	1
Yang H.	1
Yang S.	1
Yap N.	1
Yarranton G.	1
Ye J.	1
Yeh P.	1
Yu J.	1
Yunda-Guarin G.	1
Zaini D.	1
Zampollo A.	1
Zarkesh M.	1
Zgrundo A.	1
Zhang L.	1
Zhang M.	1
Zhang Z.	1
Zheng H.	1
Zhou S.	1
Zijp M.	1
Zillen L.	1
Zota A.	1
Zuidema C.	1
da Silva J.	1
de Aquino P.	1
de Campos G.	1
de Juan S.	1
du Toit J.	1
van Broekhuizen F.	1
van Leeuwen L.	1
van de Meent D.	1
van den Heuvel M.	1
van der Marel R.	1
van der Wal J.	1

Code

pair_cor <- authors |>
  dplyr::filter(count > 1) |>
  widyr::pairwise_cor(name, uid, sort = TRUE, upper = FALSE) |>
  dplyr::filter(correlation > 0.2)

# Layout
lay <- pair_cor |>
  dplyr::select(from = item1, to = item2, correlation) |>
  tidygraph::as_tbl_graph(directed = FALSE) |>
  # ggraph::create_layout(layout = "pmds", pivots = 5) |>
  ggraph::create_layout(layout = "kk") |>
  dplyr::select(name, x, y)

# Nodes
nodes <- authors |>
  dplyr::select(name, value = count) |>
  dplyr::filter(name %in% pair_cor$item1 | name %in% pair_cor$item2) |>
  dplyr::distinct() |>
  dplyr::mutate(
    size = value * 2
  ) |>
  dplyr::left_join(lay, by = "name")

# Edges
edges <- pair_cor |>
  dplyr::select(source = item1, target = item2, value = correlation) |>
  dplyr::mutate(size = value)

# Graph
echarts4r::e_charts() |>
  echarts4r::e_graph(
    layout = "none",
    label = list(show = TRUE, position = "right"),
    lineStyle = list(curveness = 0.3, color = "source"),
    labelLayout = list(hideOverlap = TRUE)
  ) |>
  echarts4r::e_graph_nodes(nodes, name, value, size, xpos = x, ypos = y) |>
  echarts4r::e_graph_edges(edges, source, target, value, size) |>
  echarts4r::e_tooltip()

Figure 9: Network of interactions between authors